On the other hand, conscious animals are expected to show the presence of the corneal reflex at any key stage. To prevent rabbits from being outside their thermoneutral zone, or when they are, to correct the hazard leading to cold stress, closed shelter with heating should be provided at lairage. Trailer design, whether curtain‐sided or open‐sided. In contrast, a rabbit recovering consciousness whilst hanging on the overhead shackle will attempt to breathe, which may begin as regular gagging before leading to resumption of breathing; such an animal will have to be re‐stunned using a back‐up method. It mainly occurs due to the restraint or manipulation. Although slaughter without stunning of rabbits is practiced, scientific evidence is scarce. At the time of reporting, both systems need further development and validation before they could be used in an assessment protocol (de Jong et al., 2011). In the latter case, one hand is holding its neck and shoulder such that the ears are tucked away from the head. It is calculated as the number of truly unconscious animals considered unconscious based on the outcome of the indicator (D in Table B.1) divided by the total number of truly unconscious animals (B + D), multiplied by 100. Also, vocalisation and spontaneous blinking can be included. The responsible person of the slaughterhouse should put in place adequate actions to prevent the occurrence of hazards. (2014) and Lopez et al. When rough handling has been performed, there is no corrective measure for this hazard. The 9th World Rabbit Congress, 2008, Influence of transport on some production parameters in rabbits, Rabbits behavioural response to climatic and managerial conditions – a review, Rabbit's productive, reproductive and physiological performance traits as affected by heat stress: a review, Evaluation of electrical stunning methods using alternative frequencies in commercial rabbits, Survey of the husbandry, health and welfare of 102 pet rabbits, Influence of gas stunning and halal slaughter (no stunning) on rabbits welfare indicators and meat quality, Technical note: rabbit welfare during electrical stunning and slaughter at a commercial abattoir, Effets de la diète hydrique, du transport et de l'attente avant l'abattage sur les composantes du rendement et sur les caractéristiques physico‐chimiques musculaires, Ademhalings‐ en spijsverteringsstroornissen in de industriele slachtkonijnenhouderij, Preslaughter risk factors associated with mortality and bruising in rabbits, Enregistrement graphique des consommations d'aliment solide et liquide du lapin domestique nourri ad libtum, Effets de différents niveaux de restriction hydrique sur l'ingestion d'aliments solides par le lapin, Effect of temperature on breeding rabbit behavior, Symposium on Housing and Diseases of Rabbits, furbearing animals and pet animals, Heatlh and body condition of rabbit does on commercial farms, Beobachtungen bei der Bolzenschussbetäubung von Kaninchen. For the European Commission mandate, slaughter processes were assessed from the arrival of rabbits in containers until their death, and grouped in three main phases: pre‐stunning (including arrival, unloading of containers from the truck, lairage, handling/removing of rabbits from containers), stunning (including restraint) and bleeding (including bleeding following stunning and bleeding during slaughter without stunning). A corrective measure is only available for the hazard ‘incomplete sectioning of carotids’ (ToR‐3), and involves repeating the cut. Cessation of bleeding is the indicator that has the highest sensitivity and specificity and is easy to use, whereas the other four indicators are either less sensitive/specific or difficult to recognise. For this, the sensitivity (Se) was the most important parameter: only the three most sensitive indicators for each step were considered for the assessment of the state of consciousness. In bleeding following stunning, preventive measures can be put in place for all hazards, whereas, in the case of bleeding during slaughter without stunning, for some hazards there are no preventive measures other than to ‘change the method’, because the hazard is inextricably linked to the method (e.g. Process of slaughtering to which it applies: unloading from the trucks, movement containers from lairage to the point of removal of rabbits for stunning. The effective temperature perceived by an animal is the combination of the temperature, the humidity and the ventilation or wind speed. Twelve hazards have been identified in this phase. All five indicators of death should be taking into account when assessing death. Palpebral reflex: The palpebral reflex is elicited by touching or tapping a finger on the inner/outer eye canthus or eyelashes. Flow charts based on this are provided for rabbits in Section 3.6.2. Thirst occurs either when there is a fall in blood volume or when the tonicity of the interstitial fluid increases. Processes of slaughtering to which it applies: arrival and lairage. Poor restraint and operator fatigue are considered to be the major factors contributing to low success rate with this method. de Jong et al. (1998 and) Anil et al. The hazards identified during ‘bleeding following stunning’, relevant welfare consequences and related indicators, hazards’ origins, preventive and corrective measures are reported in Table 26. In other words, traumatic brain injury alone is not sufficient on animal welfare grounds. Death should be confirmed by ensuring the presence of signs of death. size and design of shackle appropriate to rabbit sizes, Appropriate number of people shackling to match the speed line, Adapt the equipment to avoid the physical contact with the wound, Ensuring rabbits are dead before being dressed. The condition of rabbits on arrival represents the cumulative result of the state of animals on the farm including husbandry conditions, catching, crating of rabbits and transport in the truck. ‘Management’ measures mean decisions to be made or resources to be put in place by personnel with responsibility or legal obligation for animal welfare. For ‘ease of use’, the uncertainty is expressed as a percentage of certainty (see methodology Section 2.2.5) where a higher percentage indicates a higher degree of certainty. Sensitivity and specificity during slaughter with stunning. For electrical and mechanical stunning methods and each of the key stages, it was possible to identify 3–4 indicators that are highly sensitive in identifying the state of consciousness and that should be used to monitor stunning effectiveness. Definition: The bolt parameters fail to provoke an effective stun and render rabbits unconscious. As a result, there may be methods that are applied worldwide but that are not included in the current assessment. Slaughter. An example is presented below in Table 5 for the indicator ‘easiness during bleeding’. Electrical and mechanical stunning methods require some form of restraint to facilitate proper application. Two additional indicators may also be used. Rudimentary respiratory activity occurring through mouth (oral breathing) (EFSA, Rapid shaking of the head, most times accompanied by stretching and/or withdrawal movements of the head. If the rabbit is conscious, righting reflex will be observed at this key stage when it is released from manual restraint and hung on the shackle. The ease of use was assessed for each key stage by the experts and is expressed by different colours (green = easy, orange = moderate, red = difficult). Rabbits of different ages may have to be killed on‐farm for purposes other than slaughter (where slaughter is defined as killing for human consumption) either individually or on a large scale (e.g. Containers must be in good condition without broken plastic or metal parts protruding inwards, which might cause injuries and bruises. Key stage 3 (during bleeding): corneal or palpebral reflex, breathing and righting reflex. Definition: multiple application of neck cuts. At arrival and lairage, in order to check if effective temperature is still above thermoneutral zone, temperature and appropriate indicators should be measured (for detail see Section 3.6.1), then ventilation should be provided. The survey involved 60 farms, 21 abattoirs and 21 hauliers. prolonged thirst), and others have indicators that are very difficult to assess while rabbits are inside the containers (e.g. It is recommended that on‐farm withdrawal plus duration of transportation plus lairage time, should not exceed 12 h. This can be achieved by planning carefully these phases and schedule and prioritise slaughter of animal. The containers are arranged in spaced rows (Figure 4) so that there is a human passage to move between the rows and observe the animals, but also to allow air to circulate between the containers to ensure good ventilation of the animals. Operator rotation to avoid fatigue. Measuring units should be well maintained and calibrated on a regular basis. When the animal is not fit for consumption, the responsible person should ensure that slaughter plant has procedures, facilities and equipment for killing these animals outside the normal slaughter line immediately after animal was identified. Restraining for head‐only electrical stunning is manual and involves holding the rabbit with one hand supporting its belly, and the other hand guides the head into the stunning tongs or electrodes by holding its ears. During gradual onset of unconsciousness and death. The minimal exposure time used in the study of Dalmau et al. all rabbits subjected to bleeding during slaughter without stunning; some rabbits ineffectively stunned or recovering consciousness following stunning), they will experience the negative welfare consequences (i.e. At arrival, when there is a too high effective temperature animal should be protected from the sun or unloaded immediately from the truck. (2009) evaluated electrical stunning of 1,020 crossbreed rabbits stunned with the system (TS003, Gozlin, Italy) incorporating a device capable of measuring impedance and giving a constant voltage of 117 V (peak to peak) and minimum 1.1 A for 1.31 ± 0.29 s (mean ± standard deviation). The negative welfare consequences that rabbits can experience during the slaughter process are heat stress, cold stress, respiratory distress, prolonged thirst, prolonged hunger, restriction of movements, consciousness, animal not dead, pain, fear and distress. Three main approaches were used to develop this opinion: i) literature search, ii) expert knowledge elicitation (EKE) for the selection of indicators for phase 2 and 3 (stunning and bleeding) and iii) expert opinion through working group discussion. Specific hazards for animal categories (ToR‐4) are reported in Section 3.8. Consequently, more than 1.2 billion rabbits are slaughtered every year, after living in intense confinement. The Panel cannot currently give a scientific opinion on suitability of stunning methods, and therefore only the methods included in the EC Regulation 1099/2009 should be considered suitable for risk management reasons. As mentioned previously, indicators are used to assess the welfare consequences; indeed, indicators are the responses of an animal to a specific input and can be taken directly from the animal or indirectly by using animal records (e.g. According to Cavani and Petracci (2004), rabbits lose 3–6% of body weight during the first 12 h of fasting. Humans experience different phases of hunger. The performance of a test (i.e. Animals reared in different farming systems (Cage vs Park pen) may react differently during handling, restraint and stunning. However, due to the complexity of slaughtering and the limited access to animals in some of the phases (e.g. The uncertainty analysis was limited to the quantification of the probability of false‐negative or false‐positive hazards. Dilated pupils: Dilated pupils (mydriasis) are an indication of death. General consideration on process description. consequences) on animal welfare (indicators; ToR‐2). Most of the hazards lead to pain and fear, some of them also to distress and consciousness. The power of the cartridge, the compressed air line pressure and the spring should be appropriate for the species and size of rabbits. In addition, the results showed that ineffective stunning occurred in all age groups tested as presented in the table below. Positioned between the eyes, the bolt would penetrate the olfactory bulb if applied at the sagittal suture and enter the ocular orbit if applied paramedially, while positioned further rostrally it would hit the nasal cavity. It includes the realisation that animals are sentient beings that can suffer from pain and fear, and therefore, should be treated correctly in order to avoid negative welfare consequences. Definition: The space allowance is the space that an animal disposes once it has been placed in the container. The indicators of death were generally judged as less sensitive than the indicators of consciousness. A potential indicator for dehydration is a dry skin, but this is practically impossible to examine on live rabbit at slaughter, and not necessarily easy to evaluate post‐mortem either. However, as death cannot be guaranteed after percussive blow, it must always be followed by bleeding as soon as possible severing both carotid arteries. WP1. Rabbits experience negative welfare consequences only when they are conscious. An example is reported in Table 2, concerning the hazard ‘too high effective temperature’ during the phase ‘arrival’. Behavioural responses to 24‐h food deprivation include an alternation of short periods of search behaviour (4–10 min) and longer periods of relative rest (20–70 min) as indication of spontaneous fluctuations in the food motivation level (Kromin et al., 2016). COLUMN ‘HAZARD ORIGIN SPECIFICATION’: this provides details of the origin(s) of the hazard. The opinion proposes preventive and corrective measures for the hazards identified for rabbits during the slaughter process; for most of the hazards, preventive measures can be put in place, whereas relevant corrective measures are not always available. Process of slaughtering to which it applies: captive bolt stunning (PCB or NPCB). (2009): for individually housed does, one nipple per doe is sufficient, and for meat rabbits and group housed does, one nipple per 10 rabbits should be a minimum. Description: This is the state of an animal that has been unable to adapt to stressors and that manifests as abnormal physiological or behavioural responses (Chapter 7.8.1 OIE, 2019). Please check your email for instructions on resetting your password. Low Atmosphere Pressure Stunning (LAPS) was not considered. In addition, specific preventive and corrective measures have been developed in association with the relevant hazards’ description in Section 3.6. If food deprivation continues, the lower blood glucose levels activate sympatho‐adreno‐medullary system, which stimulates the lipolysis and the triglycerides stored in fat are released into the blood circulation as free fatty acids (FFAs). Minimum bolt diameter of 6 mm has been recommended (European Commission, 2018). First, place the rabbit on the ground in front of a handful of alfalfa hay or other treat. Full text publications were screened if title and abstract did not allow assessing the relevance of a paper. For the other indicators, the specificity and sensitivity were judged only once for all key stages. The information about the indicators for the state of consciousness in rabbits is presented separately in the following chapter 3.7.2. killing for purposes other than slaughter. To monitor stunning effectiveness as requested by the EP mandate, the opinion suggests the use of indicators for the state of consciousness, selected on the basis of their sensitivity, specificity and ease of use. The literature search was carried out to identify peer‐reviewed scientific evidence providing information on the elements requested by the ToRs (i.e. In these cases, emphasis should be given to the preventive measures (ToR‐2), Preventive measures can be put in place for all the hazards identified in this phase; but there are no corrective actions for four out of the eight hazards (ToR‐3), All preventive and corrective measures concern two domains: 1) the maintenance of the physiology of the rabbits (e.g. Millions of farm animals face unnecessary stress and suffering before and during slaughter – because workers lack the expertise, skills and technology to ensure humane treatment. Cold stress: Kits (first week of life) that are unable to return to the nest, become hypothermic and immobile. In most cases, rabbits will be dead when exiting the CAS system. In light of this new video exposing the gouging second cuts—and Agriprocessors’ quite different conduct during the tour—Dr. In this case, the veterinary equivalent of the ‘disease’ that the test aims to determine is the presence of death of the animal. Rabbit farming for meat production is of importance worldwide, including in the EU where rabbits are the second most farmed species in terms of numbers. (2000) recorded electrocorticograms (ECoGs) in eight commercial rabbits (1.7–3.1 kg) following the application of 100 V of a 50 Hz sine wave AC for 1 s. The results showed induction of typical epileptic activity in six rabbits, of which only two showed tonic/clonic seizures, the typical animal‐based measure used to recognise the occurrence of a generalised epilepsy. Firstly, the ones inducing negative welfare consequences during induction of unconsciousness (before animals lose consciousness). For false‐positive hazard identification, the experts elicited the probability that each hazard included in the outcome table was correctly included. During periods of relative rest, freezing behaviour turning into drowsiness is the main behavioural state. In hot and humid environmental conditions, poor ventilation will exacerbate the perceived temperature. ). (2011) suggest that although meat rabbits may show huddling behaviour in response to cold stress, this is not a good indicator as they generally prefer lying together and huddle whilst resting at normal temperatures (16–18°C). appropriate design and maintenance of facilities and equipment. This opinion will be dedicated to animals in crates and containers and specifically to rabbits kept for meat production. Indeed, as for the other species, the interpretation and evaluation of the results require special care and an approach as much as possible comprehensive, since some behavioural and physiological indicators are associated with more than one feeling (Broom and Fraser, 2015). reported that the mean latency to loss of posture during exposure to 80% N2 20% CO2 was 24.2 s and to 90% CO2 it was 28.2 s. After loss of posture, when animals are unconscious, gasping will continue for some period and convulsions (uncontrolled muscular movements) can occur. scratches and open wounds, bruises). Lack of skilled operators, SHORT bleeding time, incomplete section of both arteries; lack of monitoring of death before being dressed. Anil et al. Specificity (Sp) was the most important aspect governing the selection of indicators of death (in order of decreasing width of the uncertainty interval). Rabbits are very sensitive to high temperature since they are fur animals and they have limited ability in eliminating excess body heat. The hazards identified at ‘arrival’, relevant welfare consequences and related indicators, hazards’ origins, preventive and corrective measures are reported in Table 18 (Section 3.10.1). Processes of slaughtering to which it applies: percussive blow. Phase 1 (pre‐stunning) includes the following processes: arrival, unloading, lairage and handling and removing of rabbits from crates or containers, and the information can be retrieved in Tables, Phase 2 (stunning) includes the following stunning methods (with relevant resstraint, if any): head‐only electrical stunning, controlled atmosphere stunning, captive bolt stunning and percussive blow stunning. when rabbits are ineffectively stunned or when rabbits recover consciousness and, when the state of consciousness is not properly monitored at key stages and. Ten welfare consequences occurring to rabbits during the processes of slaughtering have been identified by the experts. EKE is a systematic, documented and reviewable process to retrieve expert judgements from a group of experts. During the period lasting between catching at the farm and slaughter at the abattoir rabbits are kept without feed and water. If animals show signs of consciousness, intervention needs to be applied i.e. In the lairage area, temperature variations can be significant and depend on the time of day and the season. The hazards that potentially appear during slaughtering can be prevented or corrected by putting in place structural or managerial actions. These measures (ventilation, protection from the sun) can be used separately or in combination, depending on how critical the situation is. These were then reported in so‐called ‘Outcome Tables’ (see Section 2.2.3). Fasting affects the feeling of hunger, and therefore animal welfare. Dalmau et al. 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