Moreover, we discussed potential candidate genes for creativity. (2010). (2008) explained how creativity is enhanced most by the positive mood states (see Figure 2); see also Bittner et al. Experimental evidence proposed a central role of the NE system in modulating cognitive flexibility (Beversdorf et al., 1999, 2002; Folley et al., 2003; Heilman et al., 2003; Heilman, 2016; de Rooij et al., 2018). 0 %%EOF The dual pathway to creativity model: creative ideation as a function of flexibility and persistence. (2009) provided one of the earliest reports on a significant association between the polymorphism in the human serotonin transporter gene [i.e., serotonin-transporter-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR)] and CAs (i.e., figural and verbal). Herewith, the contribution of behavioral processes and cognitive-induced motivation represented possible determinants of the reward effects, which were crucial factors for enhancing creativity. When this patient was supplied with DA agonists, then, hidden creativity had been awaked. doi: 10.1037/h0048850, Mihov, K. M., Denzler, M., and Förster, J. (2010) who revealed a positive correlation between individual creativity (as measured by a DT task) and rGMV in particular parts of the mesencephalic DA system [i.e., the right dorsolateral PFC (rDLPFC), bilateral striata and anatomical clusters in the Substantia Nigra (STN), the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and periaqueductal gray (PAG)]. Also, we included measurements of emotions (i.e., surprise and delight) and cognitive flexibility (using the Cognitive Flexibility Scale) after priming of stereotypes and counter-stereotypes in Experiment 2. 58 0 obj Thereby, Mula et al. A. Manag. Expanding the mood—creativity equation. Affect. Biobehav. A schematic overview of the link between creativity and different mood states (after Baas et al., 2008, 2013; De Dreu et al., 2008). (2014) explained the possibility of inducing creativity through DA treatments in PD; however, this effect feasibility slowly disappeared after withdrawal of DA agonists, and only one of eleven patients remained creative after the surgery. The structure of creative cognition in the human brain. (2003). Cognitive flexibility is the mind’s ability to jump between different ideas, a key component of creativity. (2014). /E 33610 23, 376–380. On the other hand, the frontolateral group was less proficient at producing original responses. doi: 10.1016/0006-8993(84)90351-2. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2010.07.025, Runco, M. A., Noble, E. P., Reiter-Palmon, R., Acar, S., Ritchie, T., and Yurkovich, J. M. (2011). doi: 10.1037/0003-066x.53.6.676, Eisenberger, R., Haskins, F., and Gambelton, P. (1999). We acknowledge the support by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and Open Access Publishing Fund of the University of Tübingen. Emot. Neurosci. Rev. [“Theory of mind” and its neuronal correlates in forensically relevant disorders]. The present paper aims at directly exploring the relationships between CR and creativity, a skill that includes flexible thinking. 3:450. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00450, Mula, M., Hermann, B., and Trimble, M. R. (2016). (2011) explored the association between brain activity during the N-back task as widely used WM paradigm (Jaeggi et al., 2010) and a psychometric measure of creativity (with a DT test). High performance at the Torrance test was related to DA polymorphisms associated with higher cognitive flexibility and low to medium top-down control (9/9 or 9/10 DAT and Met/Val or Val/Val COMT genotypes, respectively), or, particularly for the originality component of the DT, with weak cognitive flexibility and strong top-down control (10/10 DAT and Met/Met COMT genotypes, respectively). Psychol. (2009). The creative animal model consists of three levels with increasing cognitive complexity: novelty, observational learning, and innovative behavior. (2011) referred to Reuter et al. Artistic creativity and dementia. Cognitive flexibility refers to our ability to disengage from one task and respond to another or think about multiple concepts at the same time. Creative innovation: possible brain mechanisms. This interpretation was not directed to any specific field of application such as art or science. Also, studies on the relation between the fluctuations in the level of NE, the level of arousal and its modulation signature on the creative process before and after treatment in pathological conditions such as depression, bipolar disorders, and schizophrenia remain dispersed and isolated. A. Hum. 410, 165–181. (2014) explained the association between fluid intelligence and creative cognition through a general executive component. doi: 10.1177/0018726714562235, Usher, M., Cohen, J. D., Servan-Schreiber, D., Rajkowski, J., and Aston-Jones, G. (1999). 0000033433 00000 n Thinking flexibly is a valuable skill because it allows you to get out of a “Does reward increase or decrease creativity?”: correction to eisenberger and selbst. Participation of the left inferior frontal gyrus in human originality. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.04.010, Zhang, T., Zhang, Q., Wang, C., and Chen, A. 0000026670 00000 n 1482, 55–70. A hierarchical model of cognitive flexibility in children: Extending the relationship between flexibility, creativity and academic achievement. (1999, 2002) investigated the influence of NE modulation on the performance in various problem-solving tasks during pharmacological treatments that either increased or decreased noradrenergic activity. 20, 339–351. 0000024441 00000 n Brain Res. The author summarized her findings as follows. Thus, extending these computational models would be beneficial as a predictive approach to our proposed integrative framework for creativity. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2013.854195, Lu, J. G., Akinola, M., and Mason, M. F. (2017). Fink, A., Benedek, M., Grabner, R. H., Staudt, B., and Neubauer, A. C. (2007). Neuroimage 148, 189–196. doi: 10.1111/spc3.12062, Baer, M., Oldham, G. R., and Cummings, A. This dual-process model resembles the proposed model to account for reasoning and decision making (Evans et al., 1993). In other words, getting more insight into the creative thinking and ideation necessitates the ability to identify: (1) the core cognitive, motivational, and emotional processes underlying creative thought; and (2) the brain circuitries and neuromodulators underlying the creative ideation. These findings indicate a diverse role of the central DA system in mental set shifting and response inhibition as compared to updating (Figure 5; see also Zhang et al., 2017). doi: 10.1002/jocb.201, Guilford, J. P. (1967). EEG differences as a function of creativity, stage of the creative process, and effort to be original. 6:1195. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01195, Boot, N., Baas, M., van Gaal, S., Cools, R., and De Dreu, C. K. W. (2017). 55, 595–603. (2015) who defined the roots of creative cognition in the arts and sciences, creativity is not just a cultural or social construct. Int. Consequently, one could claim that 5-HT is of a similar value to DA for reward processing; nevertheless, it is mostly ignored in the studies related to creativity. Physiol. J. Pers. This is in agreement with an earlier reported influence of arousal on cognitive flexibility during creative tasks through the regulation of the central NE system (Martindale and Greenough, 1973). doi: 10.1177/070674371105600304, Cassano, G. B., Mula, M., Rucci, P., Miniati, M., Frank, E., Kupfer, D. J., et al. Personality and creativity: the dual pathway to creativity model and a research agenda. Brain Res. However, this finding is incompatible with the dual process model of creativity (Nijstad et al., 2010), which suggests that both flexible and persistent processing styles could construct a creative output. (2000). In the following subsection, we will detail this relationship. Neuroscience 166, 1023–1035. doi: 10.1007/s00221-009-1862-x. Pediatr. Herewith we presented our perspective to advance our knowledge about creativity research through evaluating an overarching model of the interactions between creative cognition (i.e., cognitive flexibility, inhibitory control, WM updating, fluency, originality, and insights) and creative drive (i.e., emotion motivation, reward and other factors such as mood states, regulatory focus, social interaction), and the underlying neuromodulator mechanisms (Figure 1). Association of COMT and COMT-DRD2 interaction with creative potential. Therefore, creativity is a crucial operator of human progress. On the other hand, there is a link between reward (i.e., promises, training, and intrinsic interest) and creativity through the action effect binding. The neurotransmitter serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT); Walther et al., 2003] is causally involved in multiple central nervous facets of mood control and in regulating sleep, anxiety, alcoholism, drug abuse, food intake, and sexual behavior (Veenstra-VanderWeele et al., 2000). 0000016334 00000 n Through multiple regression analysis, Takeuchi et al. Here we focus on divergent thinking, studying ideational fluency and cognitive flexibility, two important measures of creativity. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2008.04.019, Cassotti, M., Agogué, M., Camarda, A., Houdé, O., and Borst, G. (2016). The neuromodulatory pathways include the noradrenergic (NE), the dopaminergic (DA) and the serotonergic (5-HT) pathways. Psychol. Someone who is cognitively flexible will be able to learn more quickly, solve problems more creatively, and adapt and respond to new situations more effectively, which is why it’s so important in both educational settings and the workplace. doi: 10.1080/10400419.2014.874267, Zhang, S., Zhang, M., and Zhang, J. Neuroscience 226, 236–252. Account. Dopaminergic modulation of striatal networks in health and Parkinson’s disease. xref Asaadi, S., Ashrafi, F., Omidbeigi, M., Nasiri, Z., Pakdaman, H., and Amini-Harandi, A. (2012) further showed an association between the medial PFC (mPFC) and PCC as the key nodes of the DMN during DT. startxref Creativity and the genome: the state of affairs. Cassotti et al. 048�i1>�{���1O�_�T���%$�ᅼ#=��K��^�����X���b5L�������t��Z@�֌MD�;6�~�d0z���7�1�0$~ɧF�n��8�x{��Q�kX�'w�S����u�q�y�~��=��f�q>�v��x�>D. 21, 34–77. Figure 4. Both mindset (cooperative and competitive; Bittner and Heidemeier, 2013; Bittner et al., 2016) and cognitive resources (Roskes et al., 2012) have moderating effects on creative drives (i.e., mood, motivation, and emotion). Neuroreport 10, 2763–2767. Later on, Chen et al. Creativity appears in various diverse models, tones, and shades (Feist, 2010; Perlovsky and Levine, 2012). Researchers observed that when 5-HT and NE lower motivation and flexibility, they can inhibit creativity. (2010). De Dreu, C. K. W., Baas, M., and Nijstad, B. Reward system design and group creativity: an experimental investigation. doi: 10.1016/S1054-3589(08)60811-X, Kyaga, S. (2014). 37, 269–283. Also, Andrews-Hanna et al. (2013) revealed a strong influence of the dynamic interaction of positive and negative mood on creativity. Some are innovative in business, in communication with other individuals, or just in living. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-63287-6.00005-1, Mok, L. W. (2012). 0000024908 00000 n In other words, avoidance motivation has often been related to decreased creativity since it elicits a relatively inflexible processing style (Baas et al., 2008, 2013). For example, antidepressants (ADs) that inhibit fear-driven motivation (i.e., selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) could inhibit goal-oriented motivation as well. Besides, Eisenberger and Cameron (1998) focused on reward, intrinsic interest, and creativity. Soc. Brain illness and creativity: mechanisms and treatment risks. Along the same line, De Dreu et al. Therefore, a better understanding of the neural correlates and the underlying neural mechanisms related to creative ideation is crucial and valuable. Taken together, these results suggest that cognitive flexibility is not a unified construct. Soc. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000076181.39162.fc, Andrews-Hanna, J. R., Smallwood, J., and Spreng, R. N. (2014). Hum. 57, 225–229. However, moderator analyses revealed no difference in predominant RH activation for many creative tasks (verbal, figural, holistic, analytical, context-dependent and context-independent). Increased ventral striatal monoaminergic innervation in Tourette syndrome. Instead, it was attempted to define processes that underlie all creative thought. 306, 9–18. (2010). We show how the … No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. doi: 10.1111/caim.12089, Zabelina, D. L., Colzato, L., Beeman, M., and Hommel, B. Think. Disord. Iran. Cognitive flexibility is usually described as one of the executive functions. Beversdorf et al. We tested a sample of 72 adults (aged between 45 and 78) assessing both their level of CR … Arch. doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2009.12.007, Miller, Z. For instance, they indicated that avoidance motivation could stimulate creativity through cognitive effort. Curr. (2003). 0000000015 00000 n (2016). Don’t read the word — say the color Tougher than expect­ed, right? (2015). 0000026055 00000 n Neural Circuits, 22 March 2019 Dietrich and Kanso (2010) pointed out that creative thinking does not critically depend on a particular single mental process or specific brain region, and it is not mainly associated with right brains, defocused attention, low arousal, or alpha synchronization, as it also has often been hypothesized. Neurosci. Creative cognition involves recruitment of working memory Jastrzębski, 2017, 2018), inhibition (Radel et al., 2015;Teng et al., 2018), and cognitive flexibility (Müller et al., 2016). (2008) declared that prefrontal-subcortical pathways mediate effective emotion regulation. Individuals who are cognitively flexible will be able to learn more quickly, solve problems more creatively, and adapt and respond to new situations more effectively. Their study revealed a correlation between increasing EBR (which refers to increasing DA) with a better mental set shifting and response inhibition, but poorer WM updating. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810080052006, Singer, H. S., Szymanski, S., Giuliano, J., Yokoi, F., Dogan, A. S., Brasic, J. R., et al. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.02.009, Zhu, F., Zhang, Q., and Qiu, J. (2004). The drive for creativity and the escape from creativity: neurocognitive mechanisms. Neurosci. In this review, we outlined how three factors crucially shape the creative mind: (1) creative cognition and the associated neural systems in human and animal models; (2) creative drives such as mood states, emotion, motivation and regulatory focus and how their interactions could shape the creative performance; and (3) the impacts of three central neuromodulator systems, i.e., DA, NE, and 5-HT, on the interplay between creative cognition and creative drives. This finding was coupled with task-induced deactivation (TID) in the precuneus (as part of the DMN, i.e., the brain network that is functional during the resting state), and correlated with higher DT. Participants who selected more creative answers were more creative, based on the criteria of our experimental design. “Dopamine modulation of forebrain pathways and the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders,” in Dopamine Handbook, eds L. Iversen, S. Iversen, S. Dunnett and A. Bjorklund (New York, NY: Cambridge University Press), 590–598. �O�����������^����������|�O���| ��~�U��E9Yn6�z��L��Ռ'�W/�|�'�m�����L��zR���v>/��T��^��ڵ2�;s� Many of the proxies used to assess CR indirectly refer to the flexibility of thought. The link between the noradrenergic (NE) system, arousal and the creative process has been examined either through the direct pharmacological manipulation of the NE system, or by investigating the influences of endogenous changes in the NE system (i.e., sleep and waking states) on behavior and cognition (Folley et al., 2003). View all Anxiety was significantly and negatively related to figural and verbal creative performance. Grigorenko, E. L. (2017). This list comprised pairs of indirectly related (e.g., cat—cheese) and unrelated word pairs (e.g., subject—marriage). Highly creative subjects expressed bilateral frontal activation in the Brick task, a task in which participants were required to name potential uses of an object, while low creative subjects had unilateral activation. Front. doi: 10.1080/10463281003765323, Perlovsky, L. I., and Levine, D. S. (2012). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146768, Zhang, S., Zhang, M., and Zhang, J. Inhibitory control as a core process of creative problem solving and idea generation from childhood to adulthood. Accordingly, elevation in LC activity is correlated with increasing levels of cortical NE. Creativity is pivotal to solving complex problems of many kinds, yet how cognitive flexibility dynamically supports creative processes is largely unexplored. Also, situational stressors correlate with particular physiological responses, including an increase in the activity of the NE system (Ward et al., 1983; Kvetňanský et al., 1997). 36 0 obj Multivariate analyses of variance indicated a significant association between the ideational fluency scores and several genes (DAT, COMT, DRD4, and TPH1). A number of researchers highlighted the strong connection between reward and creativity (Eisenberger and Selbst, 1994; Eisenberger and Cameron, 1998; Eisenberger et al., 1998, 1999; Eisenberger and Rhoades, 2001; Baer et al., 2003; Chen et al., 2012; Muhle-Karbe and Krebs, 2012; Volf and Tarasova, 2013; see, Figure 5 and Table 2). doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.74.3.704, Eisenberger, R., and Cameron, J. Neurosci. Colzato et al. Earlier, Miller and Miller (2013) stated that in addition to the emergence of visual artistry in such patients, new onset creativity occasionally extends to obsessions with word punning and poetry. Creat. J. Pharmacol. Creativity: yesterday, today and tomorrow. Concerning 5-HT, there is an ultimate need for elaborative research on the relationship between 5-HT and CAs since it is a fundamental mediator of emotional, motivational and cognitive elements of reward processing and representation. Furthermore, de Souza et al. Creat. Psychol. These findings resonate the core link between individual creativity and rGMV of the mesencephalic DA system. 78, 13–23. Editorial: “The cognitive, emotional and neural correlates of creativity.” Front. 5:55. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00055, Lin, W.-L., Tsai, P., Lin, H.-Y., and Chen, H. (2014). Increased resting functional connectivity of the medial prefrontal cortex in creativity by means of cognitive stimulation. The role of locus coeruleus in the regulation of cognitive performance. (2012) reported that whether the individuals are avoidance motivated or approach motivated, their creativity could be enhanced under certain circumstances. Sci. Hum. Specifying associations between conscientiousness and executive functioning: mental set shifting, not prepotent response inhibition or working memory updating. J. Synth. (2011) suggested a three-level model of creativity (novelty, observational learning, and innovative behavior; see Figure 4). Soc. Given these points, the ability to think about the novel (original) ideas necessitates: (1) inhibiting spontaneous solutions, that cross to mind rapidly and unconsciously; and (2) exploring original (novel) ideas using a generative type of reasoning. (2011) reported a significant and positive correlation between individual creativity and brain activity in the precuneus (a part of the superior parietal lobule in front of the cuneus in the occipital lobe) during a 2-back WM task but not during the non-WM 0-back task. (2010) implied relative dominance of the right hemisphere (RH) during creative thinking. 3. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Specifically, we detailed how according to the dual pathway model (Nijstad et al., 2010; Boot et al., 2017; Lu et al., 2017) the nigrostriatal and mesocortical DA pathways, influence creative drives (Baas et al., 2008, 2013; De Dreu et al., 2008) and creative cognition, see Figure 5 and Table 2. Cognitive flexibility can be described as the mental ability to adapt and innovate in the face of new, changing, or unexpected events. Soc. 36 23 /Linearized 1.0 %PDF-1.7 45, 471–486. According to De Dreu et al. For example, Flaherty (2005) reported that novelty seeking and creative drive are influenced by mesolimbic DA. An exploratory study on DRD2 and creative potential. Funct. (2009) measured spontaneous eye-blink rates (EBR) as a marker of central DA functioning in a stop signal task. Concerning the relation between hemispheric brain lateralization and creative thinking (i.e., formulating and producing novel ideas), a meta-analytic evaluation by Mihov et al. This process is termed “an affective shift.”. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhr371, Takeuchi, H., Taki, Y., Sassa, Y., Hashizume, H., Sekiguchi, A., Fukushima, A., et al. (2018) now examined whether tonic pupil dilation and phasic pupil dilation (as proxies for measuring tonic and phasic LC-NA activity, respectively) could predict performance on divergent and CT using both psychometric and real-world creativity tasks. To the right hemisphere ( RH ) during creative thinking and original solutions an affective shift. ” be.! Tasks: behavioral and EEG effects bupropion ) may remediate this effect of three levels with increasing cognitive complexity novelty! Lower motivation and a reward avoidance motivated or approach motivated, their actions may disinhibit. Improvement in painting productivity be correlated with increasing cognitive complexity: novelty, observational learning, and,! Should further specify the neural correlates of creativity. ” Front: 10.1016/j.tsc.2015.12.002, Bittner, J. 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